Sheikh Hasina Regime's Narratives and Mechanisms of Oppression: A Detailed Report Overview

I. PRIMARY NARRATIVES CONSTRUCTED BY THE REGIME

A. Bengali Nationalist and Anti-Pakistani Narrative

The regime's foundational legitimacy narrative was built on weaponized Bengali nationalism and rewritten history of the 1971 Liberation War:thediplomat+1​

Strategic Framing: Hasina and the Awami League positioned themselves as sole custodians of Bangladesh's liberation legacy, despite the multi-party nature of the actual independence movement. This narrative transformed Bengali identity from a unifying linguistic and cultural concept into an exclusionary political tool.prothomalo​

Opposition Delegitimization: The Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP), Jamaat-e-Islami, and other opposition parties were systematically labeled as "anti-national," "pro-Pakistani," or enemies of the 1971 spirit. This created a binary political landscape where supporting the Awami League represented patriotism while opposition represented betrayal of national independence.thegeostrata+1​

Historical Appropriation: The regime recast the 1971 war as primarily an Awami League achievement, marginalizing other resistance fighters and political forces. This was particularly weaponized against Jamaat-e-Islami, which did collaborate with Pakistan during 1971, but was then extended to all opposition, creating guilt by association.360info+2​

B. The Personality Cult of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and Sheikh Hasina

Rather than creating an ideological movement, Hasina constructed a dynasty-worship system unprecedented in scale:wikipedia+1​

Constitutional Mandates: Amendments made it illegal to criticize Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, his ideals, or deeds through writing, speech, or electronic media. The state mandated placement of Mujib's portrait in every school, government office, and diplomatic mission.wikipedia​

Massive Glorification Campaign: Bangladesh spent approximately 400 crore (USD equivalent) constructing around ten thousand sculptures and artistic depictions of Sheikh Mujib. In 2021 alone, over 1,220 sculptures were created to celebrate Mujib's 100th birthday. State-sponsored biopics, commemorative events, and holidays were created exclusively around the Sheikh family.eurasiareview+1​

Distinguishing Feature: Unlike historical fascism where ideology transcends individuals, Hasina created purely dynastic worship where the Sheikh family itself—not an ideology—was venerated. This meant even senior Awami League leaders had to defer to the family, creating hierarchical power relationships based on blood rather than political conviction.scroll​

C. Protection and Stability Narrative

The regime justified authoritarian measures through a security-first narrative:thediplomat​

Fear-Based Legitimacy: Hasina claimed only her rule could prevent communal violence and maintain state stability. In October 2023 Durga Puja speech, she declared that Hindus could not worship in temples during BNP rule or military regimes, creating a historical narrative that regime change meant minority persecution.cgs-bd​

Anti-Terrorism Framing: Opposition activities, peaceful protests, and dissent were reframed as "terrorism," "anti-state activities," or existential threats to national security. This allowed the regime to justify increasingly severe crackdowns as defensive measures.thediplomat​

Incumbent Self-Perpetuation: This narrative transformed opposition removal from political choice into national necessity. Democratic turnover was reframed as endangering the nation, justifying elimination of competition.

D. Hindu Minority Weaponization Narrative

Perhaps the regime's most insidious narrative involved systematically appropriating legitimate Hindu community grievances to build political support:cgs-bd​

Siege Mentality Creation: Hasina explicitly created the narrative that Hindu survival depended on Awami League rule. She described the party as a "safeguard against a violent majority" and portrayed regime opponents as threats to minority existence. This transformed constitutional protection into partisan patronage.cgs-bd​

Disproportionate Police Recruitment: The regime recruited Hindus into security forces at rates vastly exceeding their population share. Of 62 Assistant Superintendent of Police recruits in one batch, at least 12 were Hindu (approximately 19% compared to 8% population share). This served multiple propaganda functions: visibility of minority representation, visible symbols of regime inclusivity, and creation of vested interests among recruited minorities.cgs-bd​

Impunity and Reward: Hindu officers were granted impunity for human rights violations and rewarded with prestigious positions. Former RAB chief Pradeep Kumar Das, accused of 204 extrajudicial killings, received the Bangladesh Police Medal—one of the most prestigious police awards. This signaled minorities that loyalty to the regime brought protection from accountability.cgs-bd​

Betrayal of Real Protection: Despite this narrative, 3,679 attacks on the Hindu community were documented between January 2013 and September 2021 while the regime was in power. Significantly, Awami League members were allegedly involved in some attacks, including the 2016 Nasirnagar attacks on Hindu temples. The regime blamed opposition parties without substantive action. This exposed the narrative's falsity: minorities received no actual protection, only participation in oppression of opponents.thediplomat​

II. CREATION AND DISSEMINATION MECHANISMS

A. Media Monopoly and Information Control

Ownership Concentration: During Hasina's tenure, major media outlets were controlled by regime loyalists and business cronies. Sheikh Hasina ensured control by granting television licenses to dozens of channels that parroted government narratives while denying licenses to critical outlets.thenewsminute+1​

Censorship Mechanisms: Press censorship intensified dramatically from 2015 onward. The Prime Minister publicly denounced media outlets from Parliament—most notably in March 2023 labeling Prothom Alo "an enemy of the Awami League, democracy, and the people of Bangladesh". Hours later, mobs attacked the Prothom Alo office, issued threats, and vandalized its logo. This created pattern: public denunciation by regime followed by mob violence against journalists.amnesty+1​

Website Blocking and Content Control: In 2019, approximately 20,000 websites were blocked under an "anti-pornography" guise, though the actual targets included critical news sites, blogging platforms, and social media applications. Content was taken down without transparency or appeals process.hrw+1​

B. Digital Security Act as Weaponization Tool

The Digital Security Act 2018 (DSA) became the regime's primary instrument for enforcing narratives:dhakatribune+1​

Vague Definitions and Disproportionate Punishments: The Act defined crimes in deliberately ambiguous language. Posting content "liable to disturb public order" carried 7-year prison sentences. Criticism of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman (labeled "negative propaganda against the Father of the Nation") carried 14-year sentences. This created legal uncertainty where citizens could not distinguish permissible speech from prosecutable conduct.rsf​

Systematic Weaponization: The Centre for Governance Studies documented 835 DSA cases from January 2020 to January 2022. The majority of cases were filed by people associated with the ruling party. Multiple simultaneous cases were filed against same individuals for identical conduct, demonstrating prosecution was harassment rather than rule enforcement.cgs-bd​

Chilling Effect: Journalists reported the law's objective was "to inspire fear". The undefined terms meant even truthful reporting could be prosecuted if the regime determined it "disturbed public order." Self-censorship became the rational response to legal ambiguity.cgs-bd​

C. Coordinated Disinformation Campaigns

Anti-Opposition Smear Campaigns: Against exiled investigative journalist Zulkarnain Saer Khan, the state deployed comprehensive disinformation including fabricated images, slanderous accusations, and false associations with terrorism and Hamas. Over 3,000 derogatory Facebook posts were circulated through pro-government networks within three years.jsis.washington​

International Coordination: In early 2023, the Foreign Ministry instructed envoys abroad to respond "spontaneously" to anti-state narratives without waiting for direction from Dhaka. This revealed systematic international disinformation campaign coordination.jsis.washington​

State-Orchestrated Digital Mobilization: In September 2023, Prime Minister Hasina instructed party operatives to spend at least 30 minutes daily countering anti-government content online. A domestic coordination committee was established to address "anti-state propaganda," formalizing what was publicly framed as "information correction" but functioned as state-directed disinformation.jsis.washington​

D. Social Media Monopoly and Troll Networks

The regime created sophisticated digital echo chambers:jsis.washington​

Coordinated Trolling: Pro-state commentators and paid troll networks were deployed to drown out dissenting voices. This coordinated online intimidation created perception of majority support for regime when actual sentiment might differ.jsis.washington​

Platform Algorithm Manipulation: Pro-government content was systematically amplified through fake accounts, artificial engagement metrics, and coordinated sharing strategies to create impression of grassroots support.jsis.washington​

E. International Narrative Building

India's strong support for Hasina provided crucial international legitimacy that enabled continued electoral fraud and repression:cetri​

Diplomatic Backing: India stood firm as Hasina's "sole backer" during 2018 and 2024 elections despite international distancing. India's legitimization of rigged elections enabled Hasina to frame election boycotts as opposition refusal to accept democratic results, rather than democratic protest against rigged processes.cetri​

Narrative Control: India's media establishment played a significant role in distorting the narrative around Bangladesh's July 2024 revolution, with 49 Indian media outlets spreading 13 false stories portraying the democratic uprising as Islamist insurgency.cetri​

III. INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISMS OF CONTROL

A. Security and Intelligence Infrastructure

Rapid Action Battalion (RAB): The specialized police force became the primary tool of terror. Since its creation in 2004, RAB has been implicated in approximately 1,400+ extrajudicial killings. Despite Human Rights Watch documentation and Amnesty International reports, no RAB officer has ever been prosecuted for these killings.rfkhumanrights+1​

Secret Detention Centers: RAB operated secret detention sites including the notorious Task Force for Interrogation (TFI) cell at RAB-1 compound in Dhaka. These facilities were located just across from the international airport, revealing they were maintained with full state knowledge. The Commission of Inquiry discovered at least 16 secret detention sites across the country.rfkhumanrights​

Torture Documentation: Victims reported systematic torture including being beaten, hung from ceiling, and electrocuted. Cells were so cramped that prisoners could not stand or fully lie down—one cell under a staircase was deliberately kept windowless and dark.rfkhumanrights​

Intelligence Agencies: The Directorate General of Forces Intelligence (DGFI), National Security Intelligence (NSI), and National Telecommunications Monitoring Centre (NTMC) operated in coordination with RAB. DGFI conducted domestic surveillance and repression alongside its foreign intelligence functions. NSI maintained secret detention facilities where torture occurred. NTMC conducted mass surveillance through Deep Packet Inspection technology installed in all internet providers.dhakatribune+1​

B. Enforced Disappearances Coordinated from Center

Scale of Disappearances: The Commission of Inquiry established after Hasina's fall estimated over 3,500 enforced disappearances during 15 years. Approximately 1,800 of these are now under formal investigation. As of late 2024, at least 200 people remained missing.hrw+1​

Central Command Structure: The Commission found that disappearances operated under a "central command structure" with Sheikh Hasina and senior military/police officials involved in overseeing the systematic violations. This reveals disappearances were not rogue operations but state policy.hrw​

Documented Cases: Mir Ahmad Bin Quasem (Arman), son of Jamaat-e-Islami leader Mir Quasem Ali, was disappeared in August 2016 after his father was tried by the International Crimes Tribunal. He was held in a dark cell at RAB-1 for 8 years, told nothing of his whereabouts while his family agonized. His father was executed three weeks after his disappearance. Other similar cases involving sons of opposition leaders demonstrate systematic targeting based on family relationships.rfkhumanrights​

C. Electoral Fraud and Institutional Capture

2014 Elections: The BNP boycotted protesting the absence of neutral election administration. The Awami League won 153 of 300 seats uncontested due to the absence of opposition candidates. Despite commitments to organize new elections to increase participation, the regime remained in power for the full five-year term without holding new elections.humanrightsresearch​

2018 Elections: Called "a mockery of democracy" by international observers. Opposition candidates alleged pre-filled ballots were smuggled in the night before voting. BNP leader Khaleda Zia was imprisoned on fabricated corruption charges and barred from the election. The Awami League and allies won 288 of 300 seats despite widespread allegations of fraud.humanrightsresearch​

2024 Elections: Major opposition parties boycotted again due to demonstrated unfairness of the system. The Awami League supported hundreds of "dummy candidates" to simulate competition. The allied Jatiya Party served as "puppet opposition". In June 2025, the opposition filed cases against 19 officials including Election Commissioners for election fraud in 2014, 2018, and 2024 elections.indiatoday+1​

Institutional Mechanism: The 2011 constitutional amendment abolished the caretaker government system, enabling the ruling party to oversee elections for itself. This structural corruption of the electoral system, combined with control of security forces and media, made fair elections impossible.humanrightsresearch​

D. International Crimes Tribunal as Political Weapon

Selective Prosecution: Of approximately 13 indictments by the International Crimes Tribunal, over 90% targeted Jamaat-e-Islami members, with only 2 targeting BNP members. This demonstrated the tribunal was instrumentalized for anti-opposition political purposes rather than neutral war crimes prosecution.icj+1​

Procedural Violations: Human Rights Watch identified "glaring violations of fair trial standards". Defense witnesses disappeared or faced harassment. Judge neutrality was questioned with judges resigning due to controversy over their impartiality. The Economist criticized the tribunal for government interference, insufficient time allocated for defense, and kidnapping of defense witnesses.wikipedia​

Retroactive Application of Law: Abdul Quader Mollah was initially sentenced to life imprisonment, but public demonstrations and regime pressure led to death sentence—applying amended legislation retroactively after his trial concluded. This violated international fair trial standards.hrw​

Political Legitimacy Function: The tribunal's high-profile trials served to keep Jamaat-e-Islami figures imprisoned, executed, or in exile, eliminating a major opposition force while maintaining appearance of neutral justice.icj​

E. Fabricated Legal Cases Against Opposition

Arbitrary Arrests: Opposition activists, journalists, and civilians were arrested on fabricated charges without proper investigation. Charges of being on the friend list of another accused were used as basis for prosecution. Multiple simultaneous cases were filed against same individuals for identical conduct.cgs-bd+1​

Imprisonment without Bail: Long-term detention was used as punishment without court conviction. Bail was systematically denied to opposition political figures and critical journalists.dhakatribune​

IV. MECHANISMS OF MANIPULATION AND CONTROL

A. Personality-Based Rather Than Ideology-Based Authoritarianism

Unlike historical fascism with transformative ideologies, Hasina created personalistic authoritarianism centered on the Sheikh family. Even party ideology "Mujibism" was secondary to family loyalty. This created different dynamics: opposition to oppression was not opposition to ideology but opposition to one family's rule. This personal rather than ideological nature affected how the regime was eventually overthrown and subsequent power struggles.scroll+1​

B. Weaponization of Minorities for Majority-Group Control

The Hindu minority weaponization deserves special analysis as a manipulation mechanism:thediplomat+1​

Dependency Creation: Hasina created psychological and material dependency where Hindu elites felt their community's survival required regime support. This was false—attacks continued during her rule despite claims of protection.thediplomat​

Disproportionate Violence and Blame Reversal: After Hasina's fall, violence erupted against police and Awami League officials. Hindu officers, given positions and impunity, became visible targets during the backlash against regime apparatus. Despite proportional statistics suggesting 3-4 Hindu deaths among 44 police killed, the narrative was reframed internationally as "Hindu persecution".cgs-bd​

India's Opportunistic Narrative: India promoted the "anti-Hindu" Bangladesh narrative post-Hasina, ignoring that Hasina had weaponized Hindu minorities for her own oppression apparatus. This enabled international interference under humanitarian guise while actually pursuing strategic interests.cetri+1​

C. Information Isolation and Surveillance

Internet Shutdowns: Bangladesh ranked in the top five globally for internet shutdowns during Hasina's rule. In 2021 alone, six separate shutdowns occurred. In July 2024, during quota reform protests, Facebook, YouTube, WhatsApp, and Signal were simultaneously blocked, preventing protest coordination and news sharing.jsis.washington​

Surveillance Infrastructure: Deep Packet Inspection technology was installed in all internet providers by February 2019, enabling mass surveillance and censorship without judicial oversight. The National Telecommunication Monitoring Centre lacked adequate legal framework protecting privacy. Section 97k of the Bangladesh Telecommunication Regulation Act permitted warrantless surveillance on vague "national security" grounds.hrw+1​

D. Student Wing as Enforcement Mechanism

Bangladesh Chhatra League Violence: The Awami League student wing operated as vigilante enforcement apparatus. Between 2014-2018, 129 people were killed by Chhatra League members. The organization systematically prevented opposition student organizations from functioning on campuses through violence and intimidation.wikipedia+2​

Campus Terror System: According to student activists, the Chhatra League "established a modern slavery system" on campuses. Students had to have Chhatra League affiliation to access hostels, with dissenters facing "a living hell". Some joined for survival, creating networks of coerced collaboration.aljazeera​

July 2024 Violence: During the quota reform protests, Chhatra League members coordinated with police to attack protesters, using machetes, hockey sticks, and bamboo rods. They attacked wounded students seeking medical treatment at hospitals. Between 15-17 July alone, Chhatra League violence killed at least 6 people and injured thousands.gov​

V. SCALE AND SYSTEMATIC NATURE OF VIOLATIONS

A. Death Toll and Injury Statistics

July 2024 Crackdown: Over 1,400 people were killed in just 46 days of crackdown on student protests. The UN estimated between 1,200-1,400 deaths, with 12-13% being children. Thousands more were injured, including many permanently disabled.news.un​

One teenager was shot in the hand at point-blank range for throwing stones, illustrating the disproportionate violence used against unarmed protesters.news.un​

B. UN Documentation of Systematic Crimes

The UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights determined there are "reasonable grounds to believe that officials of the former government, its security and intelligence apparatus, together with violent elements associated with the former ruling party, committed serious and systematic human rights violations" including "hundreds of extrajudicial killings, extensive arbitrary arrest and detention and torture, and ill treatment, including of children, as well as gender based violence".news.un​

The UN explicitly stated that "The brutal response was a calculated and well-coordinated strategy by the former Government to hold onto power in the face of mass opposition" and that violations "may also constitute international crimes" under ICC jurisdiction.news.un​

VI. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS: PROTO-FASCISM VS. AUTHORITARIANISM

While the regime exhibited proto-fascist features, significant differences exist from historical fascism:globalcdg+2​

Proto-Fascist Characteristics Present: Strong personality cult, ultranationalist ideology (Bengali nationalism), state violence against civilians, suppression of pluralism, media control, paramilitary enforcement (Chhatra League), and historical mythology rewriting.thediplomat​

Missing Fascist Elements: No ethnic or racial supremacy ideology (despite exploitation of minorities), no territorial expansion, limited mass paramilitary movements compared to fascist regimes, secular official ideology, and focus on power consolidation rather than societal transformation. The cult was dynastic rather than ideological—citizens venerated the Sheikh family, not party doctrine.globalcdg+2​

Accurate Classification: Hasina's regime more accurately represents competitive authoritarianism with dynastic succession—maintaining formal democratic institutions while substantially undermining their functioning through electoral fraud, media control, and state violence.humanrightsresearch​

VII. COLLAPSE AND AFTERMATH: NARRATIVE BREAKDOWN

July 2024 Turning Point: The regime's core narrative—that only Hasina could maintain stability and protection—collapsed when state security forces killed over 1,400 students making modest reform demands. This exposed the gap between narrative and reality with catastrophic speed.thediplomat+1​

Narrative Inversion: The "protection" narrative became the "oppression" narrative. "Stability" became "tyranny." "National preservation" became "regime preservation."

Post-Regime Information Warfare: After Hasina's August 5 departure, competing narratives emerged—India promoting "Hindu persecution" narrative to justify intervention, interim government promoting "reset button" narrative, and opposition parties exposing regime crimes. Mainstream media remained largely silent on post-regime violence and attacks on minorities, preventing accurate information formation.cjr+1​

CONCLUSION

Sheikh Hasina's regime engineered a comprehensive system of false narratives integrated into state institutions and enforced through systematic violence. The core narratives—Bengali nationalism, dynastic personality cult, protective stability, and Hindu minority weaponization—were designed to justify authoritarian consolidation by reframing democracy suppression as national preservation.

These narratives were created through controlled media monopolies, the Digital Security Act's threat of prosecution for dissent, coordinated disinformation campaigns on social media, and international backing from India. They were enforced through secret detention centers, extrajudicial killings by RAB, electoral fraud, and the Chhatra League's campus terror system.

The regime's collapse reveals the fragility of narrative-based authoritarianism when reality contradicts core claims. When the state killed 1,400 students, the "protection narrative" became incredible, causing rapid regime collapse.

Understanding these mechanisms is essential for preventing similar authoritarian consolidation and for building democratic institutions resistant to both direct violence and manipulation through protective-sounding but fundamentally oppressive narratives.

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